What is one major outcome of the Marbury v. Madison ruling?

The ruling in Marbury v. Madison is significant primarily because it established the concept of judicial review, which allows the Supreme Court to determine the constitutionality of acts of Congress and state laws. This case, decided in 1803, set a powerful precedent that empowered the judiciary to invalidate laws that are found to be in conflict with the Constitution, thus affirming the role of the Court as a co-equal branch of government.

Judicial review ensures that no law can go unchallenged simply because it is passed by the legislative branch; instead, it is subjected to scrutiny under the foundational text of the Constitution. This outcome reinforced the principle that the Constitution is the supreme law of the land and provided a mechanism for courts to uphold constitutional rights and limits on governmental authority.

The other options either relate to different historical concepts or developments that are not directly associated with the Marbury v. Madison decision. The establishment of the Constitution as supreme law, for instance, predates this decision. The creation of the electoral college and the implementation of federal income tax are entirely separate issues that arose later in U.S. history and are not linked to the groundbreaking legal principles established in Marbury v. Madison.